Pendulum Simulation Python is implementing numerical techniques to resolve differential equations, we provide you the best pendulum simulations that are tailored to your research needs. To simulate a simple pendulum and a double pendulum in Python by means of numerical integration methods, we offer a procedural instruction in an explicit way:
- Simple Pendulum Simulation
A mass (m) linked to a string of length (L) is encompassed in a simple pendulum, which swings across the impact of gravity (g) in a forward and backward direction. Consider the following equation of motion:
d2θdt2+gLsin(θ)=0\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2} + \frac{g}{L} \sin(\theta) = 0dt2d2θ+Lgsin(θ)=0
In which, the angle of the pendulum from the vertical is indicated as θ\thetaθ.
Utilizing the Runge-Kutta Method
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Parameters
g = 9.81 # acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2)
L = 1.0 # length of the pendulum (m)
theta0 = np.pi / 4 # initial angle (radians)
omega0 = 0.0 # initial angular velocity (radians/s)
dt = 0.01 # time step (s)
t_max = 10 # total simulation time (s)
# Time array
t = np.arange(0, t_max, dt)
# Arrays to store the results
theta = np.zeros_like(t)
omega = np.zeros_like(t)
theta[0] = theta0
omega[0] = omega0
# Function to calculate the derivatives
def derivatives(theta, omega, g, L):
dtheta_dt = omega
domega_dt = -(g / L) * np.sin(theta)
return dtheta_dt, domega_dt
# Runge-Kutta 4th order method
for i in range(1, len(t)):
k1_theta, k1_omega = derivatives(theta[i-1], omega[i-1], g, L)
k2_theta, k2_omega = derivatives(theta[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k1_theta, omega[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k1_omega, g, L)
k3_theta, k3_omega = derivatives(theta[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k2_theta, omega[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k2_omega, g, L)
k4_theta, k4_omega = derivatives(theta[i-1] + dt*k3_theta, omega[i-1] + dt*k3_omega, g, L)
theta[i] = theta[i-1] + (dt/6.0)*(k1_theta + 2*k2_theta + 2*k3_theta + k4_theta)
omega[i] = omega[i-1] + (dt/6.0)*(k1_omega + 2*k2_omega + 2*k3_omega + k4_omega)
# Plotting the results
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
plt.plot(t, theta, label=’Theta (Angle)’)
plt.plot(t, omega, label=’Omega (Angular Velocity)’)
plt.xlabel(‘Time (s)’)
plt.ylabel(‘Values’)
plt.title(‘Simple Pendulum Simulation’)
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.show()
- Double Pendulum Simulation
Two simple pendulums that are linked end to end are included in a double pendulum. For a double pendulum, the equations of motion need resolving an approach of coupled differential equations and are highly intricate.
Employing the Runge-Kutta Method
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Parameters
g = 9.81 # acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2)
L1 = 1.0 # length of the first pendulum (m)
L2 = 1.0 # length of the second pendulum (m)
m1 = 1.0 # mass of the first pendulum (kg)
m2 = 1.0 # mass of the second pendulum (kg)
theta1_0 = np.pi / 2 # initial angle of the first pendulum (radians)
theta2_0 = np.pi / 4 # initial angle of the second pendulum (radians)
omega1_0 = 0.0 # initial angular velocity of the first pendulum (radians/s)
omega2_0 = 0.0 # initial angular velocity of the second pendulum (radians/s)
dt = 0.01 # time step (s)
t_max = 20 # total simulation time (s)
# Time array
t = np.arange(0, t_max, dt)
# Arrays to store the results
theta1 = np.zeros_like(t)
omega1 = np.zeros_like(t)
theta2 = np.zeros_like(t)
omega2 = np.zeros_like(t)
theta1[0] = theta1_0
omega1[0] = omega1_0
theta2[0] = theta2_0
omega2[0] = omega2_0
# Function to calculate the derivatives
def derivatives(theta1, omega1, theta2, omega2, g, L1, L2, m1, m2):
delta = theta2 – theta1
denom1 = (m1 + m2) * L1 – m2 * L1 * np.cos(delta) * np.cos(delta)
denom2 = (L2 / L1) * denom1
dtheta1_dt = omega1
dtheta2_dt = omega2
domega1_dt = (m2 * L1 * omega1 * omega1 * np.sin(delta) * np.cos(delta) +
m2 * g * np.sin(theta2) * np.cos(delta) +
m2 * L2 * omega2 * omega2 * np.sin(delta) –
(m1 + m2) * g * np.sin(theta1)) / denom1
domega2_dt = (-m2 * L2 * omega2 * omega2 * np.sin(delta) * np.cos(delta) +
(m1 + m2) * g * np.sin(theta1) * np.cos(delta) –
(m1 + m2) * L1 * omega1 * omega1 * np.sin(delta) –
(m1 + m2) * g * np.sin(theta2)) / denom2
return dtheta1_dt, domega1_dt, dtheta2_dt, domega2_dt
# Runge-Kutta 4th order method
for i in range(1, len(t)):
k1_theta1, k1_omega1, k1_theta2, k1_omega2 = derivatives(theta1[i-1], omega1[i-1], theta2[i-1], omega2[i-1], g, L1, L2, m1, m2)
k2_theta1, k2_omega1, k2_theta2, k2_omega2 = derivatives(theta1[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k1_theta1, omega1[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k1_omega1, theta2[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k1_theta2, omega2[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k1_omega2, g, L1, L2, m1, m2)
k3_theta1, k3_omega1, k3_theta2, k3_omega2 = derivatives(theta1[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k2_theta1, omega1[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k2_omega1, theta2[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k2_theta2, omega2[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k2_omega2, g, L1, L2, m1, m2)
k4_theta1, k4_omega1, k4_theta2, k4_omega2 = derivatives(theta1[i-1] + dt*k3_theta1, omega1[i-1] + dt*k3_omega1, theta2[i-1] + dt*k3_theta2, omega2[i-1] + dt*k3_omega2, g, L1, L2, m1, m2)
theta1[i] = theta1[i-1] + (dt/6.0)*(k1_theta1 + 2*k2_theta1 + 2*k3_theta1 + k4_theta1)
omega1[i] = omega1[i-1] + (dt/6.0)*(k1_omega1 + 2*k2_omega1 + 2*k3_omega1 + k4_omega1)
theta2[i] = theta2[i-1] + (dt/6.0)*(k1_theta2 + 2*k2_theta2 + 2*k3_theta2 + k4_theta2)
omega2[i] = omega2[i-1] + (dt/6.0)*(k1_omega2 + 2*k2_omega2 + 2*k3_omega2 + k4_omega2)
# Plotting the results
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)
plt.plot(t, theta1, label=’Theta1 (Angle of Pendulum 1)’)
plt.plot(t, theta2, label=’Theta2 (Angle of Pendulum 2)’)
plt.xlabel(‘Time (s)’)
plt.ylabel(‘Angle (rad)’)
plt.title(‘Double Pendulum Simulation – Angles’)
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
plt.plot(t, omega1, label=’Omega1 (Angular Velocity of Pendulum 1)’)
plt.plot(t, omega2, label=’Omega2 (Angular Velocity of Pendulum 2)’)
plt.xlabel(‘Time (s)’)
plt.ylabel(‘Angular Velocity (rad/s)’)
plt.title(‘Double Pendulum Simulation – Angular Velocities’)
plt.legend()
plt.grid(True)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
Pendulum simulation python Projects
Pendulum simulation is a compelling as well as challenging process that must be carried out by adhering to numerous guidelines. By emphasizing pendulum simulations with Python, we recommend 50 major project topics, which include different kinds of pendulum frameworks and diverse intricacies:
Simple Pendulum Projects
- Basic Simple Pendulum Simulation
- By means of the Euler technique, the movement of a simple pendulum must be simulated.
- Simple Pendulum with Air Resistance
- On the movement of a simple pendulum, the impact of air resistance has to be simulated.
- Simple Pendulum with Variable Length
- A simple pendulum should be designed, in which the length periodically varies.
- Simple Pendulum with Damping
- With the simple pendulum, we plan to append damping. The potential impacts on movement have to be analyzed.
- Phase Space of a Simple Pendulum
- For a simple pendulum, the phase space (for instance: angle vs. angular velocity) must be plotted.
- Energy Conservation in a Simple Pendulum
- In a simple pendulum framework, the maintenance of mechanical energy should be validated.
- Pendulum Motion under Different Gravitational Forces
- Across changing gravitational fields, a simple pendulum has to be simulated.
- Pendulum in a Rotating Reference Frame
- In a rotating structure, focus on designing a pendulum. Then, the Coriolis impact must be examined.
- Pendulum Driven by a Periodic Force
- A simple pendulum should be simulated, which is specifically influenced by an external periodic force.
- Pendulum Chaos
- In a simple pendulum with robust periodic driving, we intend to investigate chaotic activity.
Double Pendulum Projects
- Basic Double Pendulum Simulation
- Through the Runge-Kutta technique, the movement of a double pendulum has to be simulated.
- Double Pendulum with Damping
- With both arms of the double pendulum, we aim to include damping. Then, the movement must be examined.
- Energy Analysis of a Double Pendulum
- Among the two pendulum arms, the energy diffusion should be analyzed.
- Phase Space of a Double Pendulum
- Particularly for both arms of a double pendulum, the phase space has to be plotted.
- Double Pendulum with Different Masses
- By including various weights for each pendulum, a double pendulum must be simulated.
- Double Pendulum with Different Lengths
- Consider a double pendulum which has uneven arm lengths and examine its movement.
- Double Pendulum Chaos
- Focus on a double pendulum framework and investigate its chaotic activity.
- Double Pendulum in a Rotating Reference Frame
- In a rotating frame, a double pendulum has to be designed. Then, concentrate on examining the motion.
- Double Pendulum with Air Resistance
- On the movement of a double pendulum, the implications of air resistance have to be simulated.
- Driven Double Pendulum
- A double pendulum has to be simulated, which is inspired by an external periodic drive.
Multiple Pendulum Systems
- Triple Pendulum Simulation
- Examine the activity of a triple pendulum by simulating its movement.
- N-Pendulum Simulation
- For an N-pendulum framework, the simulation has to be generalized. Then, focus on analyzing the motion.
- Coupled Pendulums
- Two or multiple pendulums have to be simulated, which are linked by springs. The potential communication must be examined.
- Pendulum Chain
- A series of pendulums should be designed, which are attached by rods or springs.
- Coupled Pendulums with Damping
- With integrated pendulums, we focus on encompassing damping. Then, the movement has to be examined.
- Coupled Pendulums with Different Masses
- Including diverse lengths and weights, combined pendulums have to be simulated.
- Phase Space of Coupled Pendulums
- For a framework of combined pendulums, the phase space should be plotted.
- Energy Analysis of Coupled Pendulums
- Among integrated pendulums, we plan to analyze the energy transmission.
- Chaotic Behavior in Coupled Pendulums
- In a framework of combined pendulums, the chaotic motions have to be investigated.
- Coupled Pendulums with Air Resistance
- On combined pendulums, the impacts of air resistance must be simulated.
Pendulum Clocks
- Pendulum Clock Mechanism
- Simulate the process of a pendulum clock system by designing it.
- Accuracy of Pendulum Clocks
- Major aspects have to be examined, which impact the pendulum clocks’ preciseness.
- Pendulum Clock with Temperature Effects
- On the period and length of a pendulum clock, consider the impact of temperature variations and simulate it.
- Pendulum Clock with Damping
- Including damping, we design a pendulum clock. Then, its timekeeping preciseness must be analyzed.
- Regulating Pendulum Clocks
- For controlling the period of a pendulum clock, various mechanisms have to be simulated.
- Pendulum Clock with Variable Gravity
- Focus on examining how a pendulum clock’s preciseness is impacted by changes in gravitational force.
- Pendulum Clock Energy Loss
- Particularly in pendulum clocks, the energy loss techniques should be analyzed. On functionality, examine their effect.
- Pendulum Clock with Air Resistance
- In the process of a pendulum clock, we consider the impact of air resistance and simulate it.
- Pendulum Clock Design Optimization
- For highest preciseness, the model of a pendulum clock has to be enhanced.
- Pendulum Clock in Different Environments
- In various platforms (for instance: high altitude, underwater), the process of a pendulum clock must be simulated.
Educational and Visual Projects
- Interactive Pendulum Simulation
- For a simple or double pendulum, a communicative simulation has to be developed.
- Pendulum Waves
- Encompassing several pendulums of diverse lengths, a pendulum wave depiction should be simulated.
- Pendulum in Virtual Reality
- Specifically for a pendulum framework, we intend to create a VR simulation.
- 3D Pendulum Simulation
- In a 3D surface, a pendulum must be simulated and visualized.
- Pendulum as a Teaching Tool
- To exhibit the concepts of pendulum dynamics, an efficient teaching tool has to be created.
- Pendulum Lab Experiment Simulation
- By including pendulums, a virtual lab test must be simulated.
- Pendulum with Real-Time Data
- From a physical pendulum, we make use of actual-time data to develop a simulation.
- Pendulum Motion Visualization
- For pendulum movement, innovative visualization methods have to be created.
- Historical Pendulum Clocks
- Examine the technologies of historical pendulum clocks by simulating them.
- Pendulum Motion Analysis
- On the basis of logged data, the movement of a pendulum has to be examined and visualized through developing a tool.
Instance: Interactive Simple Pendulum Simulation
Through the utilization of matplotlib animation module, we aim to carry out an interactive simple pendulum simulation in this instance.
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation
# Parameters
g = 9.81 # acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2)
L = 1.0 # length of the pendulum (m)
theta0 = np.pi / 4 # initial angle (radians)
omega0 = 0.0 # initial angular velocity (radians/s)
dt = 0.01 # time step (s)
t_max = 10 # total simulation time (s)
# Time array
t = np.arange(0, t_max, dt)
# Arrays to store the results
theta = np.zeros_like(t)
omega = np.zeros_like(t)
theta[0] = theta0
omega[0] = omega0
# Function to calculate the derivatives
def derivatives(theta, omega, g, L):
dtheta_dt = omega
domega_dt = -(g / L) * np.sin(theta)
return dtheta_dt, domega_dt
# Runge-Kutta 4th order method
for i in range(1, len(t)):
k1_theta, k1_omega = derivatives(theta[i-1], omega[i-1], g, L)
k2_theta, k2_omega = derivatives(theta[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k1_theta, omega[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k1_omega, g, L)
k3_theta, k3_omega = derivatives(theta[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k2_theta, omega[i-1] + 0.5*dt*k2_omega, g, L)
k4_theta, k4_omega = derivatives(theta[i-1] + dt*k3_theta, omega[i-1] + dt*k3_omega, g, L)
theta[i] = theta[i-1] + (dt/6.0)*(k1_theta + 2*k2_theta + 2*k3_theta + k4_theta)
omega[i] = omega[i-1] + (dt/6.0)*(k1_omega + 2*k2_omega + 2*k3_omega + k4_omega)
# Create the figure and axis
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 8))
ax.set_xlim(-L-0.1, L+0.1)
ax.set_ylim(-L-0.1, L+0.1)
line, = ax.plot([], [], ‘o-‘, lw=2)
# Initialization function
def init():
line.set_data([], [])
return line,
# Animation function
def update(frame):
x = L * np.sin(theta[frame])
y = -L * np.cos(theta[frame])
line.set_data([0, x], [0, y])
return line,
# Create animation
ani = FuncAnimation(fig, update, frames=len(t), init_func=init, blit=True, interval=dt*1000)
plt.title(‘Simple Pendulum Simulation’)
plt.show()
From matplotlib, our project employs the FuncAnimation module for visualization and the Runge-Kutta technique for numerical combination, specifically to develop an interactive animation of a simple pendulum.
To conduct simple pendulum and double pendulum simulations, we provided a detailed instruction clearly. In terms of pendulum simulations with Python, several fascinating project topics are suggested by us, along with brief explanations that could be more helpful for the implementation process.
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